What are the primary conditions that contribute to COPD?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) primarily encompasses two conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and mucus production in the airways, leading to a persistent cough and difficulty in breathing. Emphysema involves the destruction of the alveoli, the air sacs in the lungs, which reduces the surface area available for gas exchange, causing further breathing difficulties.

These two conditions are often caused by long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs and airways, with cigarette smoke being the most common contributor. The combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema leads to the hallmark symptoms of COPD, including a persistent cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

The other mentioned conditions are not primary contributors to COPD. Pneumonia and tuberculosis are infectious diseases, while asthma is a different obstructive lung disease that is often reversible. Lung cancer and heart failure are serious health conditions but do not directly cause COPD. Understanding the specific roles of chronic bronchitis and emphysema is critical for accurately identifying and managing COPD.